Essay on Morality. Type of paper: Essays Subject: Society & Family Words: Being a part of a society every human is trying to follow some moral principles that define what is good and what is bad, what is right and what is wrong. All of these determine our actions made in various life circumstances and shows our moral values as well Essay on Ethics and Morals. Article shared by. Moral and ethics are of high importance in determining the nature of a society or a culture. Morals and ethics are used as complimentary terms but they mean different in literal blogger.comted Reading Time: 3 mins Essays on morality often contain reflections on the morality of certain issues (e.g. abortion, euthanasia, use of performance enhancing drugs by athletes), they might attempt modern times interpretation of morality, they might analyze the morality of fictional characters, societies or of certain actions in real life or literary works, the might explore morality as a psychological phenomenon, etc.
Essay on Moral Values: 8 Selected Essays on Moral Values
Find out if your paper is original. Our plagiarism detection tool will check Wonder how much time you need to deliver your speech or presentation? Don't know how to format the bibliography page in your paper? Use this converter to calculate how many pages a certain number Create a strong thesis statement with our online tool to clearly express The greatest gift of human rationality is morality.
In Moral Relativism, Moral Diversity and Human Rights, James Kellenberger addresses different sorts of theories of morality, such as moral absolutism, moral pluralism, and moral relativism.
Before I take any position on the issues raised by the differences between these various approaches, I need to offer a definition of morality. Morality, in the context of these different kinds of theories, can be defined only descriptively in relation to its purpose and to its function. People can only try to provide different answers based on their own assumptions, faiths, experiences and intuitions.
Thus, morality, in the most practical sense, is a tool or way of life used to promote the common good of human beings and eliminate harmful actions that bring negative consequences in life, essays on morality, goals based on the principle of reciprocity and empathy, and a set of universally recognized human needs and capabilities. In line with such grounding, I find that among different types of moral theories, moral pluralism can best serve the universal needs and well being of human kind.
Pluralism recognizes that there is a plurality of moral points of view, and affirms that, among many moral points of view, no one is clearly superior to another. However, the pluralistic nature of this theory and the fact that no complete objectivity is possible could be sources of its fallacies when it is put into practice. No one can be completely objective in their judgments because every human being possesses different perceptions and principles of life that contribute to personal bias.
Thus, essays on morality, to avoid these possible sources of error, moral pluralism needs to be governed by three principles: 1 an unambiguous categorization of moral values, 2 the establishment of a minimalist common ground, and 3 a flexibility with regard to the prioritization of moral values, essays on morality. Moral values should be strictly distinguished from other categories of values such as cultural norms or community values, essays on morality.
Moral values, in their essence, should be geared only towards the goal of fulfilling universal needs of well being that are not governed by cultural practices or norms.
For example, the prohibition against arbitrary killing can safely be categorized as a moral value. The lack of strict categorization of moral values, I believe, is one of the biggest problems to be resolved even before the debates between different moral theories can continue. One common flaw among several forms of moral relativism is the failure to draw such clear distinctions between different categories of values, essays on morality.
For instance, conventionalist relativism claims that secondary values are considered as relative and are dependent on conventions or social norms.
In this context, secondary values are no longer strictly moral, but adulterated by other categories of values which are non-moral. Too often, because of such an ambiguity in distinguishing the nuances between definitions, cultural beliefs and physical needs are arbitrarily lumped into subcategories of moral values. Equivocal overlapping of cultural values, community values, and moral values only jeopardizes the applicability of moral pluralism, essays on morality.
Such a failure encourages abuse of the theory to justify actions for pure individual interests or social conventions. Thus, it is important to draw a clear boundary between pluralistic moral values and other categories of values, such as cultural pluralism or religious pluralism. The establishment of a minimalist common ground is another important principle in the application of moral pluralism.
A minimalist common ground requires essays on morality ethics be reduced to its most basic elements, those that are required for every human to behave ethically. Such a methodology is crucial especially in response to a pluralist society today. Before I further reinforce my claim, it is important to recognize a limit of the theory of minimalist ethics. One of the possible fallacies of minimalist ethics is that essays on morality implies that an action is ethical as long as it does not hurt anybody.
The simplistic and consequentialist nature of this school of ethics provides loopholes for actions done for pure self-interest that indirectly bring negative consequences for others. Thus, the minimalist approach should only be interpreted as a methodology, not as a moral guidance. It is imperative that the minimalist ground should not be essays on morality as the sole justification for all kinds of actions. How should a minimalist common ground be established to reinforce the applicability of moral pluralism?
We should recognize that no single individual or group has precisely the same perception of truth and reality due to the differences in religious faith, personal experience and other factors, essays on morality. Just as cognitive relativism embraces moral relativism, cognitive diversity promotes different applications of moral values. Such a limit signifies the line between ungrounded perspective such as superstitions and rational logic that is based on empirical examination and truths.
William James, a modern advocate of pragmatism, synthesizes the best elements of Empiricism and Idealism. He opposes the prevailing notion of his academic colleagues that only scientific methods can lead to an understanding of the human condition, yet, criticizes any extreme reliance on logic as the sole basis of philosophical truth.
In line with his philosophy, the powerful combination of empirical truth and philosophical logic excludes ungrounded practices that are against common humanity. For example, in Southern Sudan, the practice of sacrificing the spear master by the Dinkas became completely unjustified when the tribe survived after the practice was outlawed, essays on morality.
Thus, cognitive or cultural perceptions, which deviate from the examined truth and accepted rationality, essays on morality, should be excluded from the common ground, essays on morality.
Apart from that, to ensure moral progress, the common ground requires that context-independent values not only supercede cultural practices, essays on morality, but also serve to reform the culture itself. A flexibility with regard to the prioritization of moral values is another principle that should be emphasized to ensure that the goal of the common good be achieved, essays on morality. For pluralism, there is a plurality of reasonable rankings in the light of different equally reasonable conceptions of good life.
The central claim of moral pluralism that there is not essays on morality single moral value that is superior to others, essays on morality, should not be seem as justifying the claim that there is no essays on morality of assigning priority among different moral values essays on morality to different contexts, essays on morality.
Admittedly, such an approach tends to borrow a shade of pragmatism the doctrine that a statement is true and meaningful according to the practical results that would be experienced if that statement were acted upon. However, it is important to recognize that such a flexibility should not be equalized with the extreme form of pragmatism, which normally involves an attempt to wipe out the distinction between different kinds of truths.
For a pragmatist, an action is not true because it corresponds to reality; therefore, there is no need to worry what sort of reality that makes that action the right one to perform. Moral pluralism has its metaphysical forms essays on morality does not deny the distinction between objective reality and ultimate reality. Such an over-rigid adherence to a single moral value. Truthfulness defeats the whole purpose of morality to promote essays on morality and eliminate evil.
In Absolutism and Its Consequentialist Critics, Joram Graf Haber holds the position essays on morality one should be truthful to the murderer under whatsoever circumstances. In fact, to achieve the greater good, essays on morality, it is justified that an essays on morality ould prioritize his or her responsibilities to prevent inhumane acts and protect the good innocencewith due consideration of the risks and possible consequences.
In utilitarianism, no actions are intrinsically right or wrong as long as the goal of an action is to achieve the greatest happiness, essays on morality. Happiness or pleasure is not the sole essays on morality ultimate motivation of action.
In conclusion, moral pluralism stands out among all types of moral theories presented by Kellenberger. This theory leaves the question of what absolute moral command is founded on open and unanswered. Yet, essays on morality, the nature of moral relativism as over-tolerating all perspectives are equally validmakes it unrealistic and dysfunctional in reaching the goal of the common good of human kind.
This theory denies the fact that judgements are crucial in ensuring social order and harmony. Thus, the three principles proposed above, namely, essays on morality unambiguous categorization of moral values, the establishment of a minimalist common ground, and a flexibility with regard to the prioritizing of moral values, must be understood and integrated, essays on morality, to increase the applicability and universality of moral pluralism.
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GENEALOGY OF MORALS - ESSAY 2 - PART 1
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Morality is the differentiation of decisions, actions, and intentions between the ones that are right or good and the ones that are wrong or bad. Morality is also defined as conformity to the right conduct rules. Ethics is the philosophy of morality. Therefore, morality means rightness or goodness Essay on Moral Values – Written in English (Essay 2 – Words) Moral values are the key essence of life and it is these values that come along with us through the journey of life. Moral values are basically the principles that guide our life in the righteous path and do not allow us to do any harm to blogger.comted Reading Time: 8 mins In the article Moral Luck, Thomas Nagel is defending his definition of moral luck and opposing Kant’s view of moral luck. Kant believes that moral luck is the good will and to do our duty by the reasons for our actions. Nagel believes that this theory is too simple
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